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Associated rise in sea level also increases the risk of erosion at the dune toe and has been found to induce phases of net sediment loss from the system (Saye and Pye 2007). Reduction in storm magnitude frequency, for example, causes the reduction in offshore sediment supply necessary for the colonization of pioneer species (Tsoar 2005 Pye and Blott 2011). On a global scale, coastal dune systems are experiencing heightened levels of ecological stabilization predominantly induced by global warming and associated climate change (Provoost et al. This study demonstrates a tractable approach for mapping and monitoring ecologically sensitive regions at a sub-Landsat pixel level. Temporal resolution was found to be a significant factor in the representation of BS cover with fluctuations occurring on a sub-decadal scale, outside of the margin of error introduced through the use of medium-resolution Landsat imagery. Accuracy assessment of the data indicated the suitability of medium-resolution imagery with an RMSE of <10% across all images and a difference of <3% between observed and predicted BS area.
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The time series indicated that a rapid level of stabilization had occurred within the study area over a period of 75 years. Using this approach, a time series of change was calculated for Kenfig Burrows, a 6-km 2 stabilized dune system in South Wales, during 1941–2014. Linear spectral unmixing was applied to archived Landsat data (1975–2014) and historical aerial photography (1941–1962) for monitoring bare sand (BS) cover dynamics as a proxy for ecological dune stabilization. The use of continuous monitoring within these systems is vital to the preservation of species richness, particularly with regard to the persistence of early stage pioneer species dependent on a strong sediment supply. Coastal sand dune systems across temperate Europe are presently characterized by a high level of ecological stabilization and a subsequent loss of biological diversity.